Kubitza, Tilapia nutrition, Table 6 Vitamins Values expressed in percentage or in mg/kg of feed. Recommended levels of minerals in feeds for tropical fish (NRC, 2011) and specific mineral’s requirement determined for tilapia. Kubitza, Tilapia nutrition, Table 5 Minerals In less intensive, low density production in green water ponds (rich in microalgae), the supplementation of diets with minerals and vitamins is not necessary or could be minimal, as tilapia can complement these nutrients through consumption of natural productivity. Supplementing tilapia feeds with minerals and vitamins is particularly necessary in intensive production systems – such as cages, recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS), intensive nursery phases and high-density pond culture – where the contribution of natural food (mainly plankton) is of minor importance. Tables 5 and 6 include information on minerals and vitamins, and their recommended minimum levels in complete feeds for tilapia. Many minerals and vitamins also have antioxidant properties and modulate fish defense (immune) mechanisms. In addition, they are important for the synthesis of defense cells, the integrity of the skin, gills and intestinal mucosa, and contribute to the healing processes. Minerals and vitamins are essential for the formation of tilapia bones and, act as cofactors of enzymes in several metabolic processes, play specific roles in the acid-base balance of the blood, in the transmission of nerve impulses, and in the formation of metalloproteins like hemoglobin. Mineral supplementation and feeding strategy Proper aquafeeds and nutrition are critical for adequate growth, feed efficiency, health and immune status, and flesh quality of farmed tilapia, one of the most important farmed fish species in the world.

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